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  Medico-genetic counseling OBJECTIVE: The objective of this review of genetic counseling (GC) is to describe the current concepts and philosophical and ethical principles accepted by the great majority of countries and recommended by the World Health Organization, the stages of the process, its results, and the psychological impact that a genetic disease has on a family. SOURCES: The concepts presented are based on a historical synthesis of the literature on GC from the 1930s until today, and the articles cited represent the most important research published which today provides the foundation for the theory and practice of GC. SUMMARY OF THE FINDINGS: The modern definition of GC is a process of communication that deals with the human problems related to the occurrence of a genetic disease in a family. It is of fundamental importance that health professionals are aware of the psychological aspects triggered by genetic diseases and how these can be managed. In the field of human ...

  Basics of genetic engineering Genetic engineering is the process of transferring specific genes from the chromosome of one organism and transplanting them into the chromosome of another organism in such a way that they become a reproductive part of the new organism. In Genetic Engineering, The process that produces the resulting recombinant DNA involves four steps: The desired DNA is cleaved from the donating chromosome by the action of restriction enzymes, which recognize and cut specific nucleotide segments, leaving a “sticky end” on both ends. The restriction enzymes also splice the receiving chromosome in a complementary location, again leaving “sticky ends” to receive the desired DNA. The desired DNA fragment is inserted into a vector, usually a plasmid, for transfer to the receiving chromosome. Plasmids are an ideal vector because they replicate easily inside host bacteria and readily accept and transfer new genes. Plasmids are circular DNA molecules found in the cytoplasm ...