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Hypoxia - Histotoxic and Anemic hypoxia, Hypercapnia & brain injuries   Click Here To JOIN Quiz   Opioid receptors   are stimulated by endogenous endorphins, which usually cause analgesia and feelings of well-being. Opioids are used clinically, mainly as analgesics. Opioids differ in their receptor activity, and some (eg, buprenorphine) have combined agonist and antioxidant actions.  Exogenous opioids can be taken by almost any route: orally, intravenously, subcutaneously, internally, through the nasal membrane, or inhaling as smoke. Peak effects reach about 10 minutes after IV injection, 10 to 15 minutes after nasal insufficiency, and 90 to 120 minutes after oral ingestion, although peak effects and duration of effect vary greatly depending on the specific drug it occurs.   Histotoxic hypoxia: -   Histotoxic hypoxia (also referred to as histo-toxic hypoxia) is that the inability of cells to require or use oxygen from the bloodstream, despite physically...

Inflammation Pathophysiology - Causes, Mechanisms, Mediators Inflammation is a local response ( reaction ) of living vascularized tissues to endogenous and exogenous stimuli. The term is derived from the Latin "inflammable" meaning to burn. Inflammation is fundamentally destined to localize and eliminate the causative agent and to limit tissue injury. Thus, inflammation is a physiologic (protective) response to injury, an observation made by Sir John Hunter in 1794 concluded: “inflammation is itself not to be considered as a disease but as a salutary operation consequent either to some violence or to some diseases”.   Causes Causes of inflammation are apparently causes of diseases such as • physical agents - mechanical injuries, alteration in temperatures and pressure, radiation injuries. • chemical agents- including the ever-increasing lists of drugs and toxins. • biologic agents (infectious)- bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites • immunologic disorders- hypersensitivity reac...

Pathophysiology of Inflammation | Inflammation Pathology - Acute & chronic Inflammation - EduLesson Pathophysiology of Inflammation  can be classified as either  acute  or  chronic .  Acute inflammation is the initial response of the body to harmful stimuli and is achieved by the increased movement of plasma and leukocytes (especially granulocytes) from the blood into the injured tissues. The initial  inflammation  phase consists of three subphases: acute, subacute, and chronic (or proliferative). The acute phase typically lasts 1–3 days and is characterized by the five classic clinical signs: heat, redness,  swelling , pain, and loss of function. Pathophysiology of Inflammation   Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/techno_ashish Our 2nd YouTube Channel : - https://www.youtube.com/c/technoashish EduLesson app :- Coming Soon :).... ****************************************************** Whatsapp Group :-  https://chat.whatsapp.com/Fz...