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The spleen   is located in the abdominal cavity, in the region of the left hypochondrium, at the level of the IX-XI ribs. The mass of an adult's spleen is 192 g in men, and 153 g in women. It has the shape of a flattened and elongated hemisphere. Two surfaces are distinguished in it: the diaphragmatic and the visceral. On the visceral surface, there is a gate of the spleen , through which the splenic artery and nerves enter the organ, and a vein exits. The spleen is covered on all sides by the peritoneum, which is firmly adhered to its fibrous capsule. Connective tissue beams (trabeculae) extend from the capsule into the organ. Between the trabeculae, the spleen parenchyma is called the pulp. Distinguish between white and red pulp. The white pulp is a typical lymphoid tissue of which periarterial lymphoid clutches and lymphoid nodules of the spleen or follicles are composed. Lymphoid nodules are round in shape and lie, as a rule, eccentricall...

The central organs of hematopoiesis and immune defense in humans include the red bone marrow and thymus. In the red bone marrow, erythrocytes, platelets, granulocytes, and lymphocyte precursors are formed. The thymus is the central organ of lymphopoiesis. Central organs of hematopoiesis - A - red bone marrow (1 - frosty hemocapillary; 2 - reticular tissue; 3 - hematopoietic islets); B - thymus - thymus gland (1 - capsule; 2 - lobules; 3 - layered epithelial bodies in the medulla).   Red Bone Marrow I. HEMOPOETIC CELLS a) The cells of each direction of myelopoiesis are located in the red bone marrow by islets. b) The islets are dominated by cells of the V class of hematopoiesis.   1. Erythropoietic islet a)         a) class IV cells - erythroblasts, b)         cells of class V - ...

Spleen - size, structure and shape, topographic anatomy, Function, Blood vessels, Nerves, and innervation Spleen. The size of the spleen. The structure of the spleen. Spleen shape The spleen, lien (Greek splen), is a richly vascularized lymphoid organ. In the spleen, the circulatory system is closely related to the lymphoid tissue, due to which the blood here is enriched with a fresh supply of leukocytes developing in the spleen. In addition, the blood passing through the spleen is released due to the phagocytic activity of spleen macrophages from obsolete red blood cells ("graveyard" of erythrocytes) and from pathogenic microbes, suspended foreign particles that have entered the bloodstream, etc. The size of the spleen, due to the richness of the vessels, can vary quite significantly in the same individual, depending on the greater or lesser filling of the vessels with blood. On average, the spleen is 12 cm long, 8 cm wide, 3-4 cm thick, and weighs about 170 g (100-200 g). D...

  1. In Anatomy Revision, Explain the bones and bony structure of the skull,  and the cranial fossae, and their opening in detail?     In Anatomy Revision, the cranium can be subdivided into a roof (known as the calvarium), and a base: Calvarium: Comprised of the frontal, occipital, and two parietal bones.   CRANIAL FOSSAE: The anterior cranial fossa : Important Landmarks    ·         The frontal crest. ·         The crista galli (latin for cock’s comb) ·         Nerves and other aspects:  Anterior ethmoidal foramen – transmits the anterior ethmoidal artery, nerve and vein. Posterior ethmoidal foramen – transmits the posterior ethmoidal artery, nerve and vein.   The middle cranial fossa: Landmarks:    ·         CENTRAL: - The  tuberculum sellae, The  hypophysial fossa  or  p...